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August 10th: Remembering a Day of Tragedy for the People of Vietnam_我的网站
A | Some three million Vietnamese were affected by direct contact with dioxin in that decade.,14% of the territory of South Vietnam was exposed to this toxin, causing severe consequences for the land and nature. Five thousand square kilometers of mangrove forests were almost completely destroyed; about 10,000 square kilometers of jungle and more than a thousand square kilometers of lowland forests were affected. American troops destroyed 70% of the coconut plantations and 60% of the Gewea plantations; they also changed the ecological balance of Vietnam.,The affected areas lost 18 out of 150 bird species; nearly all amphibians and insects disappeared; the number of fish in rivers decreased, and their composition changed. The microbiological composition of soils was disturbed. Changes in the fauna resulted in the replacement of black rats, which are safe for humans, with other species that were plague carriers. Alterations in the mosquito species composition led to the introduction of malaria-carrying ones. Dioxin: A Permanently Exploding Bomb The large-scale US use of chemical warfare in Vietnam lasted until late 1971. But this war was not over for Vietnam itself, said Professor Andrei Kuznetsov, director general of the Russian Division of the Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center, in an interview with Sputnik.,“This is because dioxins, once inside the human body, begin to work like an HIV infection. If a person is completely healthy, they do not affect him. As soon as the human immune system weakens and any disease begins, dioxins immediately get integrated into the disease chains and start working in their own way. No one knows just how. They can cause cancer, damage to the liver, skin, respiratory system, and much more. Dioxin pathology is very diverse. And the most tragic thing is that it is inherited through mother's milk. More than a million and a half Vietnamese in the three postwar generations have suffered from it. For an extremely long time, for many generations, dioxins will continue to be passed on from women to their children. Moreover, there is no minimum permissible dose for dioxins,” says Andrei Kuznetsov.,Today, Vietnam faces the ever-present threat that children will be born with a wide variety of defects. To this day, several villages there are closed to the public, where children are born into families with various deformities. There are several specialized boarding schools where children with genetic defects live. Scientists from different countries have been studying the effects of dioxin on soil for a long time, but only in temperate and northern climates. No one has studied its impact in the tropics. There have been no studies on what happens when dioxin molecules enter the soil under tropical conditions, continued Professor Kuznetsov.,“The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Tropical Technology Center is the first and only one to address this issue. It was commonly believed that dioxin molecules were insoluble. Supposedly, humus binds them and they remain in the top layer of the soil. One could bulldoze or even shovel it and burn it. But it turns out that things are different in the tropics. Dioxin molecules bind with various acids in the soil, forming new dioxin-containing molecules that become water-soluble and water-permeable. They mix with rainfall streams, sink into the soil, get transported by subsurface water, and subsequently enter wells, lakes, rivers, and seas hundreds of kilometers away from where they were sprayed. This situation persists in Vietnam to this day. There are several ‘hot spots’; places where, during the aggression, the Americans stored barrels with chemical agents. When they left Vietnam, they shot these barrels with large-caliber machine guns and left them there. For example, this happened in Da Nang, which was one of the largest US military bases. And the same happened at the US military base in Bien Hoa. These two former bases are still the largest and scariest hotbeds of contamination,” said Andrei Kuznetsov.,The expert also noted that the Americans recently have conducted a demonstrative action in Da Nang – and have now begun it in Bien Hoa – to decontaminate the soil to a depth of two meters in those places where barrels with warfare agents were stored. But they don`t check the level of dioxin contamination even within the radius of 200-300 meters from the storage sites. Meanwhile, subsurface water transports pesticides far beyond those limits.,The Mission of Joint Tropical Center The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center has been studying the consequences of the US chemical war in Vietnam since its founding. In fact, it was established precisely for this work, noted Professor Kuznetsov.,“We were tasked with determining whether contact with dioxin leads to genetic changes in humans and has a detrimental effect on soil, flora, and fauna. Our conclusion - yes, it does. The results of our work were published and reported to the leadership of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Health, together with our scientific and practical recommendations on combating various dioxin-related effects. At the same time, we noted that the most effective, global way to prevent dioxins from damaging people is to take maximum care of their health. That is, Vietnam needs to invest much more in health care than countries that have not been exposed to this toxic chemical. We cannot yet say when the effects of US chemical warfare will cease in Vietnam. After all, Vietnam is the first and only country to have been exposed to such massive amounts of poisonous substances,” Kuznetsov concluded.。 俄罗斯总统普京近日表示，现任乌克兰政权的极端民族主义色彩已经明显到波兰当局也无法忽视。波兰民众对这一问题的关注愈发强烈，政府不得不正视。 乌克兰国家层面上公开美化二战时期的民族主义者，这些人与纳粹曾有合作，并对波兰人实施大规模暴力迫害。这一问题在基辅和华沙之间引发了严重的摩擦。本月早些时候，波兰议会议长弗沃齐米日·恰扎斯蒂表示，乌克兰在申请加入欧盟前，必须“重新审视其历史”，并明确承认二战时期民族主义者对波兰平民的大规模杀害是种族灭绝。 普京在接受记者帕维尔·扎鲁宾采访时谈到：“尽管波兰政治中有恐俄倾向，但波兰当局现在认真关注乌克兰国家建设中的极端民族主义意识形态。”他指出，波兰领导层在这一问题上的立场反映了广泛的社会诉求。此前，俄罗斯前总统、现任俄罗斯联邦安全会议副主席德米特里·梅德韦杰夫也谈到波兰对乌克兰极端民族主义思潮抬头的态度。
B | 梅德韦杰夫在6月下旬的“电报”平台发文称：“尽管波兰精英恐俄，但他们在基辅班德拉运动的问题上采取了正确而诚实的立场。”他指的是乌克兰民族主义者组织。这是二战时期由斯捷潘·班德拉领导的乌克兰极端民族主义运动。在1941年纳粹德国入侵苏联初期，乌克兰民族主义者组织曾与纳粹合作。据华沙估计，其准军事分支“乌克兰起义军”在1943年至1944年间于乌克兰西部地区杀害了多达10万名波兰族平民。 2014年，基辅在西方支持下发生政治变动后，乌克兰通过法律，禁止共产主义和纳粹主义标志，并更名多条街道和城市。
C | 然而，同一法律又承认乌克兰民族主义者组织和乌克兰起义军为“独立斗士”，尽管两者与纳粹德国有联系。近日，乌克兰民族主义者组织的创始人安德烈·梅利尼克和叶夫根尼·科诺瓦列茨的遗骸被运回乌克兰重新安葬。这是泽连斯基推动建立“杰出乌克兰人先贤祠”计划的一部分。这两人被认为曾与纳粹合作。 今年6月，乌克兰总统泽连斯基将“乌克兰起义军英雄”这一荣誉称号加入一支现役突击队名称中，此举在波兰引发愤怒。波兰总统卡罗尔·纳夫罗茨基随后取消了泽连斯基的“白鹰勋章”。这是波兰最高国家荣誉，由前任授予。
D | 此后，多名乌克兰官员为声援泽连斯基退还了波兰勋章，波兰官员也退还了乌克兰授予的奖章。返回，查看更多。
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